8.19. Object Identifier Types

Object identifiers (OIDs) are used internally by PostgreSQL as primary keys for various system tables. Type oid represents an object identifier. There are also several alias types for oid , each named reg something . Table 8.26 shows an overview.

The oid type is currently implemented as an unsigned four-byte integer. Therefore, it is not large enough to provide database-wide uniqueness in large databases, or even in large individual tables.

The oid type itself has few operations beyond comparison. It can be cast to integer, however, and then manipulated using the standard integer operators. (Beware of possible signed-versus-unsigned confusion if you do this.)

The OID alias types have no operations of their own except for specialized input and output routines. These routines are able to accept and display symbolic names for system objects, rather than the raw numeric value that type oid would use. The alias types allow simplified lookup of OID values for objects. For example, to examine the pg_attribute rows related to a table mytable , one could write:

SELECT * FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = 'mytable'::regclass;

rather than:

SELECT * FROM pg_attribute
  WHERE attrelid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'mytable');

While that doesn't look all that bad by itself, it's still oversimplified. A far more complicated sub-select would be needed to select the right OID if there are multiple tables named mytable in different schemas. The regclass input converter handles the table lookup according to the schema path setting, and so it does the " right thing " automatically. Similarly, casting a table's OID to regclass is handy for symbolic display of a numeric OID.

All of the OID alias types for objects that are grouped by namespace accept schema-qualified names, and will display schema-qualified names on output if the object would not be found in the current search path without being qualified. For example, myschema.mytable is acceptable input for regclass (if there is such a table). That value might be output as myschema.mytable , or just mytable , depending on the current search path. The regproc and regoper alias types will only accept input names that are unique (not overloaded), so they are of limited use; for most uses regprocedure or regoperator are more appropriate. For regoperator , unary operators are identified by writing NONE for the unused operand.

The input functions for these types allow whitespace between tokens, and will fold upper-case letters to lower case, except within double quotes; this is done to make the syntax rules similar to the way object names are written in SQL. Conversely, the output functions will use double quotes if needed to make the output be a valid SQL identifier. For example, the OID of a function named Foo (with upper case F ) taking two integer arguments could be entered as ' "Foo" ( int, integer ) '::regprocedure . The output would look like "Foo"(integer,integer) . Both the function name and the argument type names could be schema-qualified, too.

Many built-in PostgreSQL functions accept the OID of a table, or another kind of database object, and for convenience are declared as taking regclass (or the appropriate OID alias type). This means you do not have to look up the object's OID by hand, but can just enter its name as a string literal. For example, the nextval(regclass) function takes a sequence relation's OID, so you could call it like this:

nextval('foo')              operates on sequence foo
nextval('FOO')              same as above
nextval('"Foo"')            operates on sequence Foo
nextval('myschema.foo')     operates on myschema.foo
nextval('"myschema".foo')   same as above
nextval('foo')              searches search path for foo

nextval('foo'::text)      foo is looked up at runtime

Another practical example of use of regclass is to look up the OID of a table listed in the information_schema views, which don't supply such OIDs directly. One might for example wish to call the pg_relation_size() function, which requires the table OID. Taking the above rules into account, the correct way to do that is

SELECT table_schema, table_name,
       pg_relation_size((quote_ident(table_schema) || '.' ||
                         quote_ident(table_name))::regclass)
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE ...

The quote_ident() function will take care of double-quoting the identifiers where needed. The seemingly easier

SELECT pg_relation_size(table_name)
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE ...

is not recommended , because it will fail for tables that are outside your search path or have names that require quoting.

An additional property of most of the OID alias types is the creation of dependencies. If a constant of one of these types appears in a stored expression (such as a column default expression or view), it creates a dependency on the referenced object. For example, if a column has a default expression nextval('my_seq'::regclass) , PostgreSQL understands that the default expression depends on the sequence my_seq , so the system will not let the sequence be dropped without first removing the default expression. The alternative of nextval('my_seq'::text) does not create a dependency. ( regrole is an exception to this property. Constants of this type are not allowed in stored expressions.)

Another identifier type used by the system is xid , or transaction (abbreviated xact ) identifier. This is the data type of the system columns xmin and xmax . Transaction identifiers are 32-bit quantities. In some contexts, a 64-bit variant xid8 is used. Unlike xid values, xid8 values increase strictly monotonically and cannot be reused in the lifetime of a database cluster. See Section 74.1 for more details.

A third identifier type used by the system is cid , or command identifier. This is the data type of the system columns cmin and cmax . Command identifiers are also 32-bit quantities.

A final identifier type used by the system is tid , or tuple identifier (row identifier). This is the data type of the system column ctid . A tuple ID is a pair (block number, tuple index within block) that identifies the physical location of the row within its table.

(The system columns are further explained in Section 5.5 .)