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PostgreSQL 17.0 Documentation > 9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
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9.9.1. EXTRACT , date_part
9.9.2. date_trunc
9.9.3. date_bin
9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL
9.9.5. Current Date/Time
9.9.6. Delaying Execution

Table 9.33 shows the available functions for date/time value processing, with details appearing in the following subsections. Table 9.32 illustrates the behaviors of the basic arithmetic operators ( + , * , etc.). For formatting functions, refer to Section 9.8 . You should be familiar with the background information on date/time data types from Section 8.5 .

In addition, the usual comparison operators shown in Table 9.1 are available for the date/time types. Dates and timestamps (with or without time zone) are all comparable, while times (with or without time zone) and intervals can only be compared to other values of the same data type. When comparing a timestamp without time zone to a timestamp with time zone, the former value is assumed to be given in the time zone specified by the TimeZone configuration parameter, and is rotated to UTC for comparison to the latter value (which is already in UTC internally). Similarly, a date value is assumed to represent midnight in the TimeZone zone when comparing it to a timestamp.

All the functions and operators described below that take time or timestamp inputs actually come in two variants: one that takes time with time zone or timestamp with time zone , and one that takes time without time zone or timestamp without time zone . For brevity, these variants are not shown separately. Also, the + and * operators come in commutative pairs (for example both date + integer and integer + date ); we show only one of each such pair.

Table 9.32. Date/Time Operators

Operator Description Example(s)
`date` `+` `integer` → `date` Add a number of days to a date `date '2001-09-28' + 7` → `2001-10-05`
`date` `+` `interval` → `timestamp` Add an interval to a date `date '2001-09-28' + interval '1 hour'` → `2001-09-28 01:00:00`
`date` `+` `time` → `timestamp` Add a time-of-day to a date `date '2001-09-28' + time '03:00'` → `2001-09-28 03:00:00`
`interval` `+` `interval` → `interval` Add intervals `interval '1 day' + interval '1 hour'` → `1 day 01:00:00`
`timestamp` `+` `interval` → `timestamp` Add an interval to a timestamp `timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00' + interval '23 hours'` → `2001-09-29 00:00:00`
`time` `+` `interval` → `time` Add an interval to a time `time '01:00' + interval '3 hours'` → `04:00:00`
`-` `interval` → `interval` Negate an interval `- interval '23 hours'` → `-23:00:00`
`date` `-` `date` → `integer` Subtract dates, producing the number of days elapsed `date '2001-10-01' - date '2001-09-28'` → `3`
`date` `-` `integer` → `date` Subtract a number of days from a date `date '2001-10-01' - 7` → `2001-09-24`
`date` `-` `interval` → `timestamp` Subtract an interval from a date `date '2001-09-28' - interval '1 hour'` → `2001-09-27 23:00:00`
`time` `-` `time` → `interval` Subtract times `time '05:00' - time '03:00'` → `02:00:00`
`time` `-` `interval` → `time` Subtract an interval from a time `time '05:00' - interval '2 hours'` → `03:00:00`
`timestamp` `-` `interval` → `timestamp` Subtract an interval from a timestamp `timestamp '2001-09-28 23:00' - interval '23 hours'` → `2001-09-28 00:00:00`
`interval` `-` `interval` → `interval` Subtract intervals `interval '1 day' - interval '1 hour'` → `1 day -01:00:00`
`timestamp` `-` `timestamp` → `interval` Subtract timestamps (converting 24-hour intervals into days, similarly to `justify_hours()` ) `timestamp '2001-09-29 03:00' - timestamp '2001-07-27 12:00'` → `63 days 15:00:00`
`interval` `` `double precision` → `interval` Multiply an interval by a scalar `interval '1 second' 900` → `00:15:00` `interval '1 day' * 21` → `21 days` `interval '1 hour' * 3.5` → `03:30:00`
`interval` `/` `double precision` → `interval` Divide an interval by a scalar `interval '1 hour' / 1.5` → `00:40:00`

Operator

Description

Example(s)

date + integer → date

Add a number of days to a date

date '2001-09-28' + 7 → 2001-10-05

date + interval → timestamp

Add an interval to a date

date '2001-09-28' + interval '1 hour' → 2001-09-28 01:00:00

date + time → timestamp

Add a time-of-day to a date

date '2001-09-28' + time '03:00' → 2001-09-28 03:00:00

interval + interval → interval

Add intervals

interval '1 day' + interval '1 hour' → 1 day 01:00:00

timestamp + interval → timestamp

Add an interval to a timestamp

timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00' + interval '23 hours' → 2001-09-29 00:00:00

time + interval → time

Add an interval to a time

time '01:00' + interval '3 hours' → 04:00:00

- interval → interval

Negate an interval

- interval '23 hours' → -23:00:00

date - date → integer

Subtract dates, producing the number of days elapsed

date '2001-10-01' - date '2001-09-28' → 3

date - integer → date

Subtract a number of days from a date

date '2001-10-01' - 7 → 2001-09-24

date - interval → timestamp

Subtract an interval from a date

date '2001-09-28' - interval '1 hour' → 2001-09-27 23:00:00

time - time → interval

Subtract times

time '05:00' - time '03:00' → 02:00:00

time - interval → time

Subtract an interval from a time

time '05:00' - interval '2 hours' → 03:00:00

timestamp - interval → timestamp

Subtract an interval from a timestamp

timestamp '2001-09-28 23:00' - interval '23 hours' → 2001-09-28 00:00:00

interval - interval → interval

Subtract intervals

interval '1 day' - interval '1 hour' → 1 day -01:00:00

timestamp - timestamp → interval

Subtract timestamps (converting 24-hour intervals into days, similarly to justify_hours() )

timestamp '2001-09-29 03:00' - timestamp '2001-07-27 12:00' → 63 days 15:00:00

interval * double precision → interval

Multiply an interval by a scalar

interval '1 second' * 900 → 00:15:00

interval '1 day' * 21 → 21 days

interval '1 hour' * 3.5 → 03:30:00

interval / double precision → interval

Divide an interval by a scalar

interval '1 hour' / 1.5 → 00:40:00

Table 9.33. Date/Time Functions

Function Description Example(s)
`age` ( `timestamp` , `timestamp` ) → `interval` Subtract arguments, producing a " symbolic " result that uses years and months, rather than just days `age(timestamp '2001-04-10', timestamp '1957-06-13')` → `43 years 9 mons 27 days`
`age` ( `timestamp` ) → `interval` Subtract argument from `current_date` (at midnight) `age(timestamp '1957-06-13')` → `62 years 6 mons 10 days`
`clock_timestamp` ( ) → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (changes during statement execution); see Section 9.9.5 `clock_timestamp()` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05`
`current_date` → `date` Current date; see Section 9.9.5 `current_date` → `2019-12-23`
`current_time` → `time with time zone` Current time of day; see Section 9.9.5 `current_time` → `14:39:53.662522-05`
`current_time` ( `integer` ) → `time with time zone` Current time of day, with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5 `current_time(2)` → `14:39:53.66-05`
`current_timestamp` → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5 `current_timestamp` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05`
`current_timestamp` ( `integer` ) → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (start of current transaction), with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5 `current_timestamp(0)` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53-05`
`date_add` ( `timestamp with time zone` , `interval` [ , `text` ] ) → `timestamp with time zone` Add an `interval` to a `timestamp with time zone` , computing times of day and daylight-savings adjustments according to the time zone named by the third argument, or the current TimeZone setting if that is omitted. The form with two arguments is equivalent to the `timestamp with time zone` `+` `interval` operator. `date_add('2021-10-31 00:00:00+02'::timestamptz, '1 day'::interval, 'Europe/Warsaw')` → `2021-10-31 23:00:00+00`
`date_bin` ( `interval` , `timestamp` , `timestamp` ) → `timestamp` Bin input into specified interval aligned with specified origin; see Section 9.9.3 `date_bin('15 minutes', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:05:00')` → `2001-02-16 20:35:00`
`date_part` ( `text` , `timestamp` ) → `double precision` Get timestamp subfield (equivalent to `extract` ); see Section 9.9.1 `date_part('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')` → `20`
`date_part` ( `text` , `interval` ) → `double precision` Get interval subfield (equivalent to `extract` ); see Section 9.9.1 `date_part('month', interval '2 years 3 months')` → `3`
`date_subtract` ( `timestamp with time zone` , `interval` [ , `text` ] ) → `timestamp with time zone` Subtract an `interval` from a `timestamp with time zone` , computing times of day and daylight-savings adjustments according to the time zone named by the third argument, or the current TimeZone setting if that is omitted. The form with two arguments is equivalent to the `timestamp with time zone` `-` `interval` operator. `date_subtract('2021-11-01 00:00:00+01'::timestamptz, '1 day'::interval, 'Europe/Warsaw')` → `2021-10-30 22:00:00+00`
`date_trunc` ( `text` , `timestamp` ) → `timestamp` Truncate to specified precision; see Section 9.9.2 `date_trunc('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')` → `2001-02-16 20:00:00`
`date_trunc` ( `text` , `timestamp with time zone` , `text` ) → `timestamp with time zone` Truncate to specified precision in the specified time zone; see Section 9.9.2 `date_trunc('day', timestamptz '2001-02-16 20:38:40+00', 'Australia/Sydney')` → `2001-02-16 13:00:00+00`
`date_trunc` ( `text` , `interval` ) → `interval` Truncate to specified precision; see Section 9.9.2 `date_trunc('hour', interval '2 days 3 hours 40 minutes')` → `2 days 03:00:00`
`extract` ( `field` `from` `timestamp` ) → `numeric` Get timestamp subfield; see Section 9.9.1 `extract(hour from timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')` → `20`
`extract` ( `field` `from` `interval` ) → `numeric` Get interval subfield; see Section 9.9.1 `extract(month from interval '2 years 3 months')` → `3`
`isfinite` ( `date` ) → `boolean` Test for finite date (not +/-infinity) `isfinite(date '2001-02-16')` → `true`
`isfinite` ( `timestamp` ) → `boolean` Test for finite timestamp (not +/-infinity) `isfinite(timestamp 'infinity')` → `false`
`isfinite` ( `interval` ) → `boolean` Test for finite interval (not +/-infinity) `isfinite(interval '4 hours')` → `true`
`justify_days` ( `interval` ) → `interval` Adjust interval, converting 30-day time periods to months `justify_days(interval '1 year 65 days')` → `1 year 2 mons 5 days`
`justify_hours` ( `interval` ) → `interval` Adjust interval, converting 24-hour time periods to days `justify_hours(interval '50 hours 10 minutes')` → `2 days 02:10:00`
`justify_interval` ( `interval` ) → `interval` Adjust interval using `justify_days` and `justify_hours` , with additional sign adjustments `justify_interval(interval '1 mon -1 hour')` → `29 days 23:00:00`
`localtime` → `time` Current time of day; see Section 9.9.5 `localtime` → `14:39:53.662522`
`localtime` ( `integer` ) → `time` Current time of day, with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5 `localtime(0)` → `14:39:53`
`localtimestamp` → `timestamp` Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5 `localtimestamp` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522`
`localtimestamp` ( `integer` ) → `timestamp` Current date and time (start of current transaction), with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5 `localtimestamp(2)` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.66`
`make_date` ( `year` `int` , `month` `int` , `day` `int` ) → `date` Create date from year, month and day fields (negative years signify BC) `make_date(2013, 7, 15)` → `2013-07-15`
`make_interval` ( [ `years` `int` [ , `months` `int` [ , `weeks` `int` [ , `days` `int` [ , `hours` `int` [ , `mins` `int` [ , `secs` `double precision` ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ) → `interval` Create interval from years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and seconds fields, each of which can default to zero `make_interval(days => 10)` → `10 days`
`make_time` ( `hour` `int` , `min` `int` , `sec` `double precision` ) → `time` Create time from hour, minute and seconds fields `make_time(8, 15, 23.5)` → `08:15:23.5`
`make_timestamp` ( `year` `int` , `month` `int` , `day` `int` , `hour` `int` , `min` `int` , `sec` `double precision` ) → `timestamp` Create timestamp from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields (negative years signify BC) `make_timestamp(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)` → `2013-07-15 08:15:23.5`
`make_timestamptz` ( `year` `int` , `month` `int` , `day` `int` , `hour` `int` , `min` `int` , `sec` `double precision` [ , `timezone` `text` ] ) → `timestamp with time zone` Create timestamp with time zone from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields (negative years signify BC). If `timezone` is not specified, the current time zone is used; the examples assume the session time zone is `Europe/London` `make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)` → `2013-07-15 08:15:23.5+01` `make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5, 'America/New_York')` → `2013-07-15 13:15:23.5+01`
`now` ( ) → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5 `now()` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05`
`statement_timestamp` ( ) → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (start of current statement); see Section 9.9.5 `statement_timestamp()` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05`
`timeofday` ( ) → `text` Current date and time (like `clock_timestamp` , but as a `text` string); see Section 9.9.5 `timeofday()` → `Mon Dec 23 14:39:53.662522 2019 EST`
`transaction_timestamp` ( ) → `timestamp with time zone` Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5 `transaction_timestamp()` → `2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05`
`to_timestamp` ( `double precision` ) → `timestamp with time zone` Convert Unix epoch (seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00+00) to timestamp with time zone `to_timestamp(1284352323)` → `2010-09-13 04:32:03+00`

Function

Description

Example(s)

age ( timestamp , timestamp ) → interval

Subtract arguments, producing a " symbolic " result that uses years and months, rather than just days

age(timestamp '2001-04-10', timestamp '1957-06-13') → 43 years 9 mons 27 days

age ( timestamp ) → interval

Subtract argument from current_date (at midnight)

age(timestamp '1957-06-13') → 62 years 6 mons 10 days

clock_timestamp ( ) → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (changes during statement execution); see Section 9.9.5

clock_timestamp() → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

current_date → date

Current date; see Section 9.9.5

current_date → 2019-12-23

current_time → time with time zone

Current time of day; see Section 9.9.5

current_time → 14:39:53.662522-05

current_time ( integer ) → time with time zone

Current time of day, with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5

current_time(2) → 14:39:53.66-05

current_timestamp → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5

current_timestamp → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

current_timestamp ( integer ) → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (start of current transaction), with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5

current_timestamp(0) → 2019-12-23 14:39:53-05

date_add ( timestamp with time zone , interval [ , text ] ) → timestamp with time zone

Add an interval to a timestamp with time zone , computing times of day and daylight-savings adjustments according to the time zone named by the third argument, or the current TimeZone setting if that is omitted. The form with two arguments is equivalent to the timestamp with time zone + interval operator.

date_add('2021-10-31 00:00:00+02'::timestamptz, '1 day'::interval, 'Europe/Warsaw') → 2021-10-31 23:00:00+00

date_bin ( interval , timestamp , timestamp ) → timestamp

Bin input into specified interval aligned with specified origin; see Section 9.9.3

date_bin('15 minutes', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:05:00') → 2001-02-16 20:35:00

date_part ( text , timestamp ) → double precision

Get timestamp subfield (equivalent to extract ); see Section 9.9.1

date_part('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40') → 20

date_part ( text , interval ) → double precision

Get interval subfield (equivalent to extract ); see Section 9.9.1

date_part('month', interval '2 years 3 months') → 3

date_subtract ( timestamp with time zone , interval [ , text ] ) → timestamp with time zone

Subtract an interval from a timestamp with time zone , computing times of day and daylight-savings adjustments according to the time zone named by the third argument, or the current TimeZone setting if that is omitted. The form with two arguments is equivalent to the timestamp with time zone - interval operator.

date_subtract('2021-11-01 00:00:00+01'::timestamptz, '1 day'::interval, 'Europe/Warsaw') → 2021-10-30 22:00:00+00

date_trunc ( text , timestamp ) → timestamp

Truncate to specified precision; see Section 9.9.2

date_trunc('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40') → 2001-02-16 20:00:00

date_trunc ( text , timestamp with time zone , text ) → timestamp with time zone

Truncate to specified precision in the specified time zone; see Section 9.9.2

date_trunc('day', timestamptz '2001-02-16 20:38:40+00', 'Australia/Sydney') → 2001-02-16 13:00:00+00

date_trunc ( text , interval ) → interval

Truncate to specified precision; see Section 9.9.2

date_trunc('hour', interval '2 days 3 hours 40 minutes') → 2 days 03:00:00

extract ( field from timestamp ) → numeric

Get timestamp subfield; see Section 9.9.1

extract(hour from timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40') → 20

extract ( field from interval ) → numeric

Get interval subfield; see Section 9.9.1

extract(month from interval '2 years 3 months') → 3

isfinite ( date ) → boolean

Test for finite date (not +/-infinity)

isfinite(date '2001-02-16') → true

isfinite ( timestamp ) → boolean

Test for finite timestamp (not +/-infinity)

isfinite(timestamp 'infinity') → false

isfinite ( interval ) → boolean

Test for finite interval (not +/-infinity)

isfinite(interval '4 hours') → true

justify_days ( interval ) → interval

Adjust interval, converting 30-day time periods to months

justify_days(interval '1 year 65 days') → 1 year 2 mons 5 days

justify_hours ( interval ) → interval

Adjust interval, converting 24-hour time periods to days

justify_hours(interval '50 hours 10 minutes') → 2 days 02:10:00

justify_interval ( interval ) → interval

Adjust interval using justify_days and justify_hours , with additional sign adjustments

justify_interval(interval '1 mon -1 hour') → 29 days 23:00:00

localtime → time

Current time of day; see Section 9.9.5

localtime → 14:39:53.662522

localtime ( integer ) → time

Current time of day, with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5

localtime(0) → 14:39:53

localtimestamp → timestamp

Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5

localtimestamp → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522

localtimestamp ( integer ) → timestamp

Current date and time (start of current transaction), with limited precision; see Section 9.9.5

localtimestamp(2) → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.66

make_date ( year int , month int , day int ) → date

Create date from year, month and day fields (negative years signify BC)

make_date(2013, 7, 15) → 2013-07-15

make_interval ( [ years int [ , months int [ , weeks int [ , days int [ , hours int [ , mins int [ , secs double precision ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ) → interval

Create interval from years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and seconds fields, each of which can default to zero

make_interval(days => 10) → 10 days

make_time ( hour int , min int , sec double precision ) → time

Create time from hour, minute and seconds fields

make_time(8, 15, 23.5) → 08:15:23.5

make_timestamp ( year int , month int , day int , hour int , min int , sec double precision ) → timestamp

Create timestamp from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields (negative years signify BC)

make_timestamp(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5) → 2013-07-15 08:15:23.5

make_timestamptz ( year int , month int , day int , hour int , min int , sec double precision [ , timezone text ] ) → timestamp with time zone

Create timestamp with time zone from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields (negative years signify BC). If timezone is not specified, the current time zone is used; the examples assume the session time zone is Europe/London

make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5) → 2013-07-15 08:15:23.5+01

make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5, 'America/New_York') → 2013-07-15 13:15:23.5+01

now ( ) → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5

now() → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

statement_timestamp ( ) → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (start of current statement); see Section 9.9.5

statement_timestamp() → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

timeofday ( ) → text

Current date and time (like clock_timestamp , but as a text string); see Section 9.9.5

timeofday() → Mon Dec 23 14:39:53.662522 2019 EST

transaction_timestamp ( ) → timestamp with time zone

Current date and time (start of current transaction); see Section 9.9.5

transaction_timestamp() → 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

to_timestamp ( double precision ) → timestamp with time zone

Convert Unix epoch (seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00+00) to timestamp with time zone

to_timestamp(1284352323) → 2010-09-13 04:32:03+00

In addition to these functions, the SQL OVERLAPS operator is supported:

(start1, end1) OVERLAPS (start2, end2)
(start1, length1) OVERLAPS (start2, length2)

This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or time stamps; or as a date, time, or time stamp followed by an interval. When a pair of values is provided, either the start or the end can be written first; OVERLAPS automatically takes the earlier value of the pair as the start. Each time period is considered to represent the half-open interval start <= time < end , unless start and end are equal in which case it represents that single time instant. This means for instance that two time periods with only an endpoint in common do not overlap.

SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', DATE '2001-12-21') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
Result: true
SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', INTERVAL '100 days') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
Result: false
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-29', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
Result: false
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
Result: true

When adding an interval value to (or subtracting an interval value from) a timestamp or timestamp with time zone value, the months, days, and microseconds fields of the interval value are handled in turn. First, a nonzero months field advances or decrements the date of the timestamp by the indicated number of months, keeping the day of month the same unless it would be past the end of the new month, in which case the last day of that month is used. (For example, March 31 plus 1 month becomes April 30, but March 31 plus 2 months becomes May 31.) Then the days field advances or decrements the date of the timestamp by the indicated number of days. In both these steps the local time of day is kept the same. Finally, if there is a nonzero microseconds field, it is added or subtracted literally. When doing arithmetic on a timestamp with time zone value in a time zone that recognizes DST, this means that adding or subtracting (say) interval '1 day' does not necessarily have the same result as adding or subtracting interval '24 hours' . For example, with the session time zone set to America/Denver :

SELECT timestamp with time zone '2005-04-02 12:00:00-07' + interval '1 day';
Result: 2005-04-03 12:00:00-06
SELECT timestamp with time zone '2005-04-02 12:00:00-07' + interval '24 hours';
Result: 2005-04-03 13:00:00-06

This happens because an hour was skipped due to a change in daylight saving time at 2005-04-03 02:00:00 in time zone America/Denver .

Note there can be ambiguity in the months field returned by age because different months have different numbers of days. PostgreSQL 's approach uses the month from the earlier of the two dates when calculating partial months. For example, age('2004-06-01', '2004-04-30') uses April to yield 1 mon 1 day , while using May would yield 1 mon 2 days because May has 31 days, while April has only 30.

Subtraction of dates and timestamps can also be complex. One conceptually simple way to perform subtraction is to convert each value to a number of seconds using EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM ...) , then subtract the results; this produces the number of seconds between the two values. This will adjust for the number of days in each month, timezone changes, and daylight saving time adjustments. Subtraction of date or timestamp values with the " - " operator returns the number of days (24-hours) and hours/minutes/seconds between the values, making the same adjustments. The age function returns years, months, days, and hours/minutes/seconds, performing field-by-field subtraction and then adjusting for negative field values. The following queries illustrate the differences in these approaches. The sample results were produced with timezone = 'US/Eastern' ; there is a daylight saving time change between the two dates used:

SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
       EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
Result: 10537200.000000
SELECT (EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
        EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00'))
        / 60 / 60 / 24;
Result: 121.9583333333333333
SELECT timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00' - timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00';
Result: 121 days 23:00:00
SELECT age(timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00', timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
Result: 4 mons

9.9.1. `EXTRACT` , `date_part` #

EXTRACT(field FROM source)

The extract function retrieves subfields such as year or hour from date/time values. source must be a value expression of type timestamp , date , time , or interval . (Timestamps and times can be with or without time zone.) field is an identifier or string that selects what field to extract from the source value. Not all fields are valid for every input data type; for example, fields smaller than a day cannot be extracted from a date , while fields of a day or more cannot be extracted from a time . The extract function returns values of type numeric .

The following are valid field names:

century

The century; for interval values, the year field divided by 100

SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2000-12-16 12:21:13');
Result: 20
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 21
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0001-01-01 AD');
Result: 1
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0001-12-31 BC');
Result: -1
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM INTERVAL '2001 years');
Result: 20

day

The day of the month (1–31); for interval values, the number of days

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 16
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM INTERVAL '40 days 1 minute');
Result: 40

decade

The year field divided by 10

SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 200

dow

The day of the week as Sunday ( 0 ) to Saturday ( 6 )

SELECT EXTRACT(DOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 5

Note that extract 's day of the week numbering differs from that of the to_char(..., 'D') function.

doy

The day of the year (1–365/366)

SELECT EXTRACT(DOY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 47

epoch

For timestamp with time zone values, the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (negative for timestamps before that); for date and timestamp values, the nominal number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00, without regard to timezone or daylight-savings rules; for interval values, the total number of seconds in the interval

SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40.12-08');
Result: 982384720.120000
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40.12');
Result: 982355920.120000
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM INTERVAL '5 days 3 hours');
Result: 442800.000000

You can convert an epoch value back to a timestamp with time zone with to_timestamp :

SELECT to_timestamp(982384720.12);
Result: 2001-02-17 04:38:40.12+00

Beware that applying to_timestamp to an epoch extracted from a date or timestamp value could produce a misleading result: the result will effectively assume that the original value had been given in UTC, which might not be the case.

hour

The hour field (0–23 in timestamps, unrestricted in intervals)

SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 20

isodow

The day of the week as Monday ( 1 ) to Sunday ( 7 )

SELECT EXTRACT(ISODOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-18 20:38:40');
Result: 7

This is identical to dow except for Sunday. This matches the ISO 8601 day of the week numbering.

isoyear

The ISO 8601 week-numbering year that the date falls in

SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-01');
Result: 2005
SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-02');
Result: 2006

Each ISO 8601 week-numbering year begins with the Monday of the week containing the 4th of January, so in early January or late December the ISO year may be different from the Gregorian year. See the week field for more information.

julian

The Julian Date corresponding to the date or timestamp. Timestamps that are not local midnight result in a fractional value. See Section B.7 for more information.

SELECT EXTRACT(JULIAN FROM DATE '2006-01-01');
Result: 2453737
SELECT EXTRACT(JULIAN FROM TIMESTAMP '2006-01-01 12:00');
Result: 2453737.50000000000000000000

microseconds

The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1 000 000; note that this includes full seconds

SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28500000

millennium

The millennium; for interval values, the year field divided by 1000

SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 3
SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM INTERVAL '2001 years');
Result: 2

Years in the 1900s are in the second millennium. The third millennium started January 1, 2001.

milliseconds

The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1000. Note that this includes full seconds.

SELECT EXTRACT(MILLISECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28500.000

minute

The minutes field (0–59)

SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 38

month

The number of the month within the year (1–12); for interval values, the number of months modulo 12 (0–11)

SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 3 months');
Result: 3
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 13 months');
Result: 1

quarter

The quarter of the year (1–4) that the date is in

SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 1

second

The seconds field, including any fractional seconds

SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 40.000000
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28.500000

timezone

The time zone offset from UTC, measured in seconds. Positive values correspond to time zones east of UTC, negative values to zones west of UTC. (Technically, PostgreSQL does not use UTC because leap seconds are not handled.)

timezone_hour

The hour component of the time zone offset

timezone_minute

The minute component of the time zone offset

week

The number of the ISO 8601 week-numbering week of the year. By definition, ISO weeks start on Mondays and the first week of a year contains January 4 of that year. In other words, the first Thursday of a year is in week 1 of that year.

In the ISO week-numbering system, it is possible for early-January dates to be part of the 52nd or 53rd week of the previous year, and for late-December dates to be part of the first week of the next year. For example, 2005-01-01 is part of the 53rd week of year 2004, and 2006-01-01 is part of the 52nd week of year 2005, while 2012-12-31 is part of the first week of 2013. It's recommended to use the isoyear field together with week to get consistent results.

SELECT EXTRACT(WEEK FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 7

year

The year field. Keep in mind there is no 0 AD , so subtracting BC years from AD years should be done with care.

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001

When processing an interval value, the extract function produces field values that match the interpretation used by the interval output function. This can produce surprising results if one starts with a non-normalized interval representation, for example:

SELECT INTERVAL '80 minutes';
Result: 01:20:00
SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTES FROM INTERVAL '80 minutes');
Result: 20

Note

When the input value is +/-Infinity, extract returns +/-Infinity for monotonically-increasing fields ( epoch , julian , year , isoyear , decade , century , and millennium for timestamp inputs; epoch , hour , day , year , decade , century , and millennium for interval inputs). For other fields, NULL is returned. PostgreSQL versions before 9.6 returned zero for all cases of infinite input.

The extract function is primarily intended for computational processing. For formatting date/time values for display, see Section 9.8 .

The date_part function is modeled on the traditional Ingres equivalent to the SQL -standard function extract :

date_part('field', source)

Note that here the field parameter needs to be a string value, not a name. The valid field names for date_part are the same as for extract . For historical reasons, the date_part function returns values of type double precision . This can result in a loss of precision in certain uses. Using extract is recommended instead.

SELECT date_part('day', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 16
SELECT date_part('hour', INTERVAL '4 hours 3 minutes');
Result: 4

9.9.2. `date_trunc` #

The function date_trunc is conceptually similar to the trunc function for numbers.

date_trunc(field, source [, time_zone ])

source is a value expression of type timestamp , timestamp with time zone , or interval . (Values of type date and time are cast automatically to timestamp or interval , respectively.) field selects to which precision to truncate the input value. The return value is likewise of type timestamp , timestamp with time zone , or interval , and it has all fields that are less significant than the selected one set to zero (or one, for day and month).

Valid values for field are:


      microseconds


      milliseconds


      second


      minute


      hour

day


      week


      month


      quarter


      year

decade


      century


      millennium

When the input value is of type timestamp with time zone , the truncation is performed with respect to a particular time zone; for example, truncation to day produces a value that is midnight in that zone. By default, truncation is done with respect to the current TimeZone setting, but the optional time_zone argument can be provided to specify a different time zone. The time zone name can be specified in any of the ways described in Section 8.5.3 .

A time zone cannot be specified when processing timestamp without time zone or interval inputs. These are always taken at face value.

Examples (assuming the local time zone is America/New_York ):

SELECT date_trunc('hour', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001-02-16 20:00:00
SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001-01-01 00:00:00
SELECT date_trunc('day', TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40+00');
Result: 2001-02-16 00:00:00-05
SELECT date_trunc('day', TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40+00', 'Australia/Sydney');
Result: 2001-02-16 08:00:00-05
SELECT date_trunc('hour', INTERVAL '3 days 02:47:33');
Result: 3 days 02:00:00

9.9.3. `date_bin` #

The function date_bin " bins " the input timestamp into the specified interval (the stride ) aligned with a specified origin.

date_bin(stride, source, origin)

source is a value expression of type timestamp or timestamp with time zone . (Values of type date are cast automatically to timestamp .) stride is a value expression of type interval . The return value is likewise of type timestamp or timestamp with time zone , and it marks the beginning of the bin into which the source is placed.

Examples:

SELECT date_bin('15 minutes', TIMESTAMP '2020-02-11 15:44:17', TIMESTAMP '2001-01-01');
Result: 2020-02-11 15:30:00
SELECT date_bin('15 minutes', TIMESTAMP '2020-02-11 15:44:17', TIMESTAMP '2001-01-01 00:02:30');
Result: 2020-02-11 15:32:30

In the case of full units (1 minute, 1 hour, etc.), it gives the same result as the analogous date_trunc call, but the difference is that date_bin can truncate to an arbitrary interval.

The stride interval must be greater than zero and cannot contain units of month or larger.

9.9.4. `AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL` #

The AT TIME ZONE operator converts time stamp without time zone to/from time stamp with time zone, and time with time zone values to different time zones. Table 9.34 shows its variants.

Table 9.34. AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL Variants

Operator Description Example(s)
`timestamp without time zone` `AT TIME ZONE` `zone` → `timestamp with time zone` Converts given time stamp without time zone to time stamp with time zone, assuming the given value is in the named time zone. `timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40' at time zone 'America/Denver'` → `2001-02-17 03:38:40+00`
`timestamp without time zone` `AT LOCAL` → `timestamp with time zone` Converts given time stamp without time zone to time stamp with the session's `TimeZone` value as time zone. `timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40' at local` → `2001-02-17 03:38:40+00`
`timestamp with time zone` `AT TIME ZONE` `zone` → `timestamp without time zone` Converts given time stamp with time zone to time stamp without time zone, as the time would appear in that zone. `timestamp with time zone '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' at time zone 'America/Denver'` → `2001-02-16 18:38:40`
`timestamp with time zone` `AT LOCAL` → `timestamp without time zone` Converts given time stamp with time zone to time stamp without time zone, as the time would appear with the session's `TimeZone` value as time zone. `timestamp with time zone '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' at local` → `2001-02-16 18:38:40`
`time with time zone` `AT TIME ZONE` `zone` → `time with time zone` Converts given time with time zone to a new time zone. Since no date is supplied, this uses the currently active UTC offset for the named destination zone. `time with time zone '05:34:17-05' at time zone 'UTC'` → `10:34:17+00`
`time with time zone` `AT LOCAL` → `time with time zone` Converts given time with time zone to a new time zone. Since no date is supplied, this uses the currently active UTC offset for the session's `TimeZone` value. Assuming the session's `TimeZone` is set to `UTC` : `time with time zone '05:34:17-05' at local` → `10:34:17+00`

Operator

Description

Example(s)

timestamp without time zone AT TIME ZONE zone → timestamp with time zone

Converts given time stamp without time zone to time stamp with time zone, assuming the given value is in the named time zone.

timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40' at time zone 'America/Denver' → 2001-02-17 03:38:40+00

timestamp without time zone AT LOCAL → timestamp with time zone

Converts given time stamp without time zone to time stamp with the session's TimeZone value as time zone.

timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40' at local → 2001-02-17 03:38:40+00

timestamp with time zone AT TIME ZONE zone → timestamp without time zone

Converts given time stamp with time zone to time stamp without time zone, as the time would appear in that zone.

timestamp with time zone '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' at time zone 'America/Denver' → 2001-02-16 18:38:40

timestamp with time zone AT LOCAL → timestamp without time zone

Converts given time stamp with time zone to time stamp without time zone, as the time would appear with the session's TimeZone value as time zone.

timestamp with time zone '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' at local → 2001-02-16 18:38:40

time with time zone AT TIME ZONE zone → time with time zone

Converts given time with time zone to a new time zone. Since no date is supplied, this uses the currently active UTC offset for the named destination zone.

time with time zone '05:34:17-05' at time zone 'UTC' → 10:34:17+00

time with time zone AT LOCAL → time with time zone

Converts given time with time zone to a new time zone. Since no date is supplied, this uses the currently active UTC offset for the session's TimeZone value.

Assuming the session's TimeZone is set to UTC :

time with time zone '05:34:17-05' at local → 10:34:17+00

In these expressions, the desired time zone zone can be specified either as a text value (e.g., 'America/Los_Angeles' ) or as an interval (e.g., INTERVAL '-08:00' ). In the text case, a time zone name can be specified in any of the ways described in Section 8.5.3 . The interval case is only useful for zones that have fixed offsets from UTC, so it is not very common in practice.

The syntax AT LOCAL may be used as shorthand for AT TIME ZONE local , where local is the session's TimeZone value.

Examples (assuming the current TimeZone setting is America/Los_Angeles ):

SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Denver';
Result: 2001-02-16 19:38:40-08
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Denver';
Result: 2001-02-16 18:38:40
SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Tokyo' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Chicago';
Result: 2001-02-16 05:38:40
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT LOCAL;
Result: 2001-02-16 17:38:40
SELECT TIME WITH TIME ZONE '20:38:40-05' AT LOCAL;
Result: 17:38:40

The first example adds a time zone to a value that lacks it, and displays the value using the current TimeZone setting. The second example shifts the time stamp with time zone value to the specified time zone, and returns the value without a time zone. This allows storage and display of values different from the current TimeZone setting. The third example converts Tokyo time to Chicago time. The fourth example shifts the time stamp with time zone value to the time zone currently specified by the TimeZone setting and returns the value without a time zone.

The fifth example is a cautionary tale. Due to the fact that there is no date associated with the input value, the conversion is made using the current date of the session. Therefore, this static example may show a wrong result depending on the time of the year it is viewed because 'America/Los_Angeles' observes Daylight Savings Time.

The function timezone ( zone , timestamp ) is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct timestamp AT TIME ZONE zone .

The function timezone ( zone , time ) is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct time AT TIME ZONE zone .

The function timezone ( timestamp ) is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct timestamp AT LOCAL .

The function timezone ( time ) is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct time AT LOCAL .

9.9.5. Current Date/Time #

PostgreSQL provides a number of functions that return values related to the current date and time. These SQL-standard functions all return values based on the start time of the current transaction:

CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIME(precision)
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(precision)
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
LOCALTIME(precision)
LOCALTIMESTAMP(precision)

CURRENT_TIME and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP deliver values with time zone; LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP deliver values without time zone.

CURRENT_TIME , CURRENT_TIMESTAMP , LOCALTIME , and LOCALTIMESTAMP can optionally take a precision parameter, which causes the result to be rounded to that many fractional digits in the seconds field. Without a precision parameter, the result is given to the full available precision.

Some examples:

SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
Result: 14:39:53.662522-05
SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
Result: 2019-12-23
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
Result: 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);
Result: 2019-12-23 14:39:53.66-05
SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
Result: 2019-12-23 14:39:53.662522

Since these functions return the start time of the current transaction, their values do not change during the transaction. This is considered a feature: the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent notion of the " current " time, so that multiple modifications within the same transaction bear the same time stamp.

Note

Other database systems might advance these values more frequently.

PostgreSQL also provides functions that return the start time of the current statement, as well as the actual current time at the instant the function is called. The complete list of non-SQL-standard time functions is:

transaction_timestamp()
statement_timestamp()
clock_timestamp()
timeofday()
now()

transaction_timestamp() is equivalent to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP , but is named to clearly reflect what it returns. statement_timestamp() returns the start time of the current statement (more specifically, the time of receipt of the latest command message from the client). statement_timestamp() and transaction_timestamp() return the same value during the first command of a transaction, but might differ during subsequent commands. clock_timestamp() returns the actual current time, and therefore its value changes even within a single SQL command. timeofday() is a historical PostgreSQL function. Like clock_timestamp() , it returns the actual current time, but as a formatted text string rather than a timestamp with time zone value. now() is a traditional PostgreSQL equivalent to transaction_timestamp() .

All the date/time data types also accept the special literal value now to specify the current date and time (again, interpreted as the transaction start time). Thus, the following three all return the same result:

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
SELECT now();
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now';  -- but see tip below

Tip

Do not use the third form when specifying a value to be evaluated later, for example in a DEFAULT clause for a table column. The system will convert now to a timestamp as soon as the constant is parsed, so that when the default value is needed, the time of the table creation would be used! The first two forms will not be evaluated until the default value is used, because they are function calls. Thus they will give the desired behavior of defaulting to the time of row insertion. (See also Section 8.5.1.4 .)

9.9.6. Delaying Execution #

The following functions are available to delay execution of the server process:

pg_sleep ( double precision )
pg_sleep_for ( interval )
pg_sleep_until ( timestamp with time zone )

pg_sleep makes the current session's process sleep until the given number of seconds have elapsed. Fractional-second delays can be specified. pg_sleep_for is a convenience function to allow the sleep time to be specified as an interval . pg_sleep_until is a convenience function for when a specific wake-up time is desired. For example:

SELECT pg_sleep(1.5);
SELECT pg_sleep_for('5 minutes');
SELECT pg_sleep_until('tomorrow 03:00');

Note

The effective resolution of the sleep interval is platform-specific; 0.01 seconds is a common value. The sleep delay will be at least as long as specified. It might be longer depending on factors such as server load. In particular, pg_sleep_until is not guaranteed to wake up exactly at the specified time, but it will not wake up any earlier.

Warning

Make sure that your session does not hold more locks than necessary when calling pg_sleep or its variants. Otherwise other sessions might have to wait for your sleeping process, slowing down the entire system.

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9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions	Home	9.10. Enum Support Functions

9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

9.9.1. EXTRACT , date_part #

Note

9.9.2. date_trunc #

9.9.3. date_bin #

9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL #

9.9.5. Current Date/Time #

Note

Tip

9.9.6. Delaying Execution #

Note

Warning

9.9.1. `EXTRACT` , `date_part` #

9.9.2. `date_trunc` #

9.9.3. `date_bin` #

9.9.4. `AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL` #