20.2. User Name Maps
When using an external authentication system such as Ident or GSSAPI,
the name of the operating system user that initiated the connection
might not be the same as the database user (role) that is to be used.
In this case, a user name map can be applied to map the operating system
user name to a database user. To use user name mapping, specify
map
=
map-name
in the options field in
pg_hba.conf
. This option is
supported for all authentication methods that receive external user names.
Since different mappings might be needed for different connections,
the name of the map to be used is specified in the
map-name
parameter in
pg_hba.conf
to indicate which map to use for each individual connection.
User name maps are defined in the ident map file, which by default is named
pg_ident.conf
and is stored in the
cluster's data directory. (It is possible to place the map file
elsewhere, however; see the
ident_file
configuration parameter.)
The ident map file contains lines of the general forms:
map-namesystem-usernamedatabase-usernameincludefileinclude_if_existsfileinclude_dirdirectory
Comments, whitespace and line continuations are handled in the same way as in
pg_hba.conf
. The
map-name
is an arbitrary name that will be used to
refer to this mapping in
pg_hba.conf
. The other
two fields specify an operating system user name and a matching
database user name. The same
map-name
can be
used repeatedly to specify multiple user-mappings within a single map.
As for
pg_hba.conf
, the lines in this file can
be include directives, following the same rules.
The
pg_ident.conf
file is read on start-up and
when the main server process receives a
SIGHUP
signal. If you edit the file on an
active system, you will need to signal the postmaster
(using
pg_ctl reload
, calling the SQL function
pg_reload_conf()
, or using
kill
-HUP
) to make it re-read the file.
The system view
pg_ident_file_mappings
can be helpful for pre-testing changes to the
pg_ident.conf
file, or for diagnosing problems if
loading of the file did not have the desired effects. Rows in the view with
non-null
error
fields indicate problems in the
corresponding lines of the file.
There is no restriction regarding how many database users a given
operating system user can correspond to, nor vice versa. Thus, entries
in a map should be thought of as meaning
"
this operating system
user is allowed to connect as this database user
"
, rather than
implying that they are equivalent. The connection will be allowed if
there is any map entry that pairs the user name obtained from the
external authentication system with the database user name that the
user has requested to connect as. The value
all
can be used as the
database-username
to specify
that if the
system-username
matches, then this
user is allowed to log in as any of the existing database users. Quoting
all
makes the keyword lose its special meaning.
If the
database-username
begins with a
+
character, then the operating system user can login as
any user belonging to that role, similarly to how user names beginning with
+
are treated in
pg_hba.conf
.
Thus, a
+
mark means
"
match any of the roles that
are directly or indirectly members of this role
"
, while a name
without a
+
mark matches only that specific role. Quoting
a username starting with a
+
makes the
+
lose its special meaning.
If the
system-username
field starts with a slash (
/
),
the remainder of the field is treated as a regular expression.
(See
Section 9.7.3.1
for details of
PostgreSQL
's regular expression syntax.) The regular
expression can include a single capture, or parenthesized subexpression.
The portion of the system user name that matched the capture can then
be referenced in the
database-username
field as
\1
(backslash-one). This allows the mapping of
multiple user names in a single line, which is particularly useful for
simple syntax substitutions. For example, these entries
mymap /^(.*)@mydomain\.com$ \1 mymap /^(.*)@otherdomain\.com$ guest
will remove the domain part for users with system user names that end with
@mydomain.com
, and allow any user whose system name ends with
@otherdomain.com
to log in as
guest
.
Quoting a
database-username
containing
\1
does not
make
\1
lose its special meaning.
If the
database-username
field starts with
a slash (
/
), the remainder of the field is treated
as a regular expression.
When the
database-username
field is a regular
expression, it is not possible to use
\1
within it to
refer to a capture from the
system-username
field.
Tip
Keep in mind that by default, a regular expression can match just part of
a string. It's usually wise to use
^
and
$
, as
shown in the above example, to force the match to be to the entire
system user name.
A
pg_ident.conf
file that could be used in
conjunction with the
pg_hba.conf
file in
Example 20.1
is shown in
Example 20.2
. In this example, anyone
logged in to a machine on the 192.168 network that does not have the
operating system user name
bryanh
,
ann
, or
robert
would not be granted access. Unix user
robert
would only be allowed access when he tries to
connect as
PostgreSQL
user
bob
, not
as
robert
or anyone else.
ann
would
only be allowed to connect as
ann
. User
bryanh
would be allowed to connect as either
bryanh
or as
guest1
.
Example 20.2. An Example
pg_ident.conf
File
# MAPNAME SYSTEM-USERNAME PG-USERNAME omicron bryanh bryanh omicron ann ann # bob has user name robert on these machines omicron robert bob # bryanh can also connect as guest1 omicron bryanh guest1