String Functions and Operators
| PostgreSQL 9.6.4 Documentation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 9. Functions and Operators | Next |
This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values of the types character , character varying , and text . Unless otherwise noted, all of the functions listed below work on all of these types, but be wary of potential effects of automatic space-padding when using the character type. Some functions also exist natively for the bit-string types.
SQL defines some string functions that use key words, rather than commas, to separate arguments. Details are in Table 9-8 . PostgreSQL also provides versions of these functions that use the regular function invocation syntax (see Table 9-9 ).
Note: Before PostgreSQL 8.3, these functions would silently accept values of several non-string data types as well, due to the presence of implicit coercions from those data types to text . Those coercions have been removed because they frequently caused surprising behaviors. However, the string concatenation operator ( || ) still accepts non-string input, so long as at least one input is of a string type, as shown in Table 9-8 . For other cases, insert an explicit coercion to text if you need to duplicate the previous behavior.
Table 9-8. SQL String Functions and Operators
| Function | Return Type | Description | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| string || string | text | String concatenation | 'Post' || 'greSQL' | PostgreSQL |
| string || non-string or non-string || string | text | String concatenation with one non-string input | 'Value: ' || 42 | Value: 42 |
bit_length(
string
)
|
int | Number of bits in string | bit_length('jose') | 32 |
char_length(
string
)
or
character_length(
string
)
|
int | Number of characters in string | char_length('jose') | 4 |
lower(
string
)
|
text | Convert string to lower case | lower('TOM') | tom |
octet_length(
string
)
|
int | Number of bytes in string | octet_length('jose') | 4 |
overlay(
string
placing
string
from
int
[
for
int
])
|
text | Replace substring | overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4) | Thomas |
position(
substring
in
string
)
|
int | Location of specified substring | position('om' in 'Thomas') | 3 |
substring(
string
[
from
int
] [
for
int
])
|
text | Extract substring | substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3) | hom |
substring(
string
from
pattern
)
|
text | Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching. | substring('Thomas' from '...$') | mas |
substring(
string
from
pattern
for
escape
)
|
text | Extract substring matching SQL regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching. | substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#') | oma |
trim([
leading | trailing | both
]
[
characters
] from
string
)
|
text | Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start, end, or both ends ( both is the default) of string | trim(both 'xyz' from 'yxTomxx') | Tom |
trim([
leading | trailing
| both
] [
from
]
string
[
,
characters
]
)
|
text |
Non-standard syntax for
trim()
|
trim(both from 'yxTomxx', 'xyz') | Tom |
upper(
string
)
|
text | Convert string to upper case | upper('tom') | TOM |
Additional string manipulation functions are available and are listed in Table 9-9 . Some of them are used internally to implement the SQL -standard string functions listed in Table 9-8 .
Table 9-9. Other String Functions
| Function | Return Type | Description | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ascii(
string
)
|
int | ASCII code of the first character of the argument. For UTF8 returns the Unicode code point of the character. For other multibyte encodings, the argument must be an ASCII character. | ascii('x') | 120 |
btrim(
string
text
[
,
characters
text
])
|
text | Remove the longest string consisting only of characters in characters (a space by default) from the start and end of string | btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xyz') | trim |
chr(
int
)
|
text | Character with the given code. For UTF8 the argument is treated as a Unicode code point. For other multibyte encodings the argument must designate an ASCII character. The NULL (0) character is not allowed because text data types cannot store such bytes. | chr(65) | A |
concat(
str
"any"
[,
str
"any"
[, ...] ])
|
text | Concatenate the text representations of all the arguments. NULL arguments are ignored. | concat('abcde', 2, NULL, 22) | abcde222 |
concat_ws(
sep
text
,
str
"any"
[,
str
"any"
[, ...] ])
|
text | Concatenate all but the first argument with separators. The first argument is used as the separator string. NULL arguments are ignored. | concat_ws(',', 'abcde', 2, NULL, 22) | abcde,2,22 |
convert(
string
bytea
,
src_encoding
name
,
dest_encoding
name
)
|
bytea | Convert string to dest_encoding . The original encoding is specified by src_encoding . The string must be valid in this encoding. Conversions can be defined by CREATE CONVERSION . Also there are some predefined conversions. See Table 9-10 for available conversions. | convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1') | text_in_utf8 represented in Latin-1 encoding (ISO 8859-1) |
convert_from(
string
bytea
,
src_encoding
name
)
|
text | Convert string to the database encoding. The original encoding is specified by src_encoding . The string must be valid in this encoding. | convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8') | text_in_utf8 represented in the current database encoding |
convert_to(
string
text
,
dest_encoding
name
)
|
bytea | Convert string to dest_encoding . | convert_to('some text', 'UTF8') | some text represented in the UTF8 encoding |
decode(
string
text
,
format
text
)
|
bytea |
Decode binary data from textual representation in
string
.
Options for
format
are same as in
encode
.
|
decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64') | \x3132330001 |
encode(
data
bytea
,
format
text
)
|
text | Encode binary data into a textual representation. Supported formats are: base64 , hex , escape . escape converts zero bytes and high-bit-set bytes to octal sequences ( \ nnn ) and doubles backslashes. | encode(E'123\\000\\001', 'base64') | MTIzAAE= |
format
(
formatstr
text
[,
formatarg
"any"
[, ...] ])
|
text |
Format arguments according to a format string.
This function is similar to the C function
sprintf
.
See
Section 9.4.1
.
|
format('Hello %s, %1$s', 'World') | Hello World, World |
initcap(
string
)
|
text | Convert the first letter of each word to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters. | initcap('hi THOMAS') | Hi Thomas |
left(
str
text
,
n
int
)
|
text | Return first n characters in the string. When n is negative, return all but last | n | characters. | left('abcde', 2) | ab |
length(
string
)
|
int | Number of characters in string | length('jose') | 4 |
length(
string
bytea
,
encoding
name
)
|
int | Number of characters in string in the given encoding . The string must be valid in this encoding. | length('jose', 'UTF8') | 4 |
lpad(
string
text
,
length
int
[
,
fill
text
])
|
text | Fill up the string to length length by prepending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated (on the right). | lpad('hi', 5, 'xy') | xyxhi |
ltrim(
string
text
[
,
characters
text
])
|
text | Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start of string | ltrim('zzzytest', 'xyz') | test |
md5(
string
)
|
text | Calculates the MD5 hash of string , returning the result in hexadecimal | md5('abc') | 900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72 |
parse_ident(
qualified_identifier
text
[,
strictmode
boolean
DEFAULT true ] )
|
text[] | Split qualified_identifier into an array of identifiers, removing any quoting of individual identifiers. By default, extra characters after the last identifier are considered an error; but if the second parameter is false , then such extra characters are ignored. (This behavior is useful for parsing names for objects like functions.) Note that this function does not truncate over-length identifiers. If you want truncation you can cast the result to name[] . | parse_ident('"SomeSchema".someTable') | {SomeSchema,sometable} |
pg_client_encoding()
|
name | Current client encoding name | pg_client_encoding() | SQL_ASCII |
quote_ident(
string
text
)
|
text | Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string. Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded). Embedded quotes are properly doubled. See also Example 41-1 . | quote_ident('Foo bar') | "Foo bar" |
quote_literal(
string
text
)
|
text |
Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
in an
SQL
statement string.
Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
Note that
quote_literal
returns null on null
input; if the argument might be null,
quote_nullable
is often more suitable.
See also
Example 41-1
.
|
quote_literal(E'O\'Reilly') | 'O''Reilly' |
quote_literal(
value
anyelement
)
|
text | Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. | quote_literal(42.5) | '42.5' |
quote_nullable(
string
text
)
|
text | Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string; or, if the argument is null, return NULL . Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. See also Example 41-1 . | quote_nullable(NULL) | NULL |
quote_nullable(
value
anyelement
)
|
text | Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal; or, if the argument is null, return NULL . Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. | quote_nullable(42.5) | '42.5' |
regexp_matches(
string
text
,
pattern
text
[,
flags
text
])
|
setof text[] | Return all captured substrings resulting from matching a POSIX regular expression against the string . See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', '(bar)(beque)') | {bar,beque} |
regexp_replace(
string
text
,
pattern
text
,
replacement
text
[,
flags
text
])
|
text | Replace substring(s) matching a POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | regexp_replace('Thomas', '.[mN]a.', 'M') | ThM |
regexp_split_to_array(
string
text
,
pattern
text
[,
flags
text
])
|
text[] | Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | regexp_split_to_array('hello world', E'\\s+') | {hello,world} |
regexp_split_to_table(
string
text
,
pattern
text
[,
flags
text
])
|
setof text | Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | regexp_split_to_table('hello world', E'\\s+') |
hello
world (2 rows) |
repeat(
string
text
,
number
int
)
|
text | Repeat string the specified number of times | repeat('Pg', 4) | PgPgPgPg |
replace(
string
text
,
from
text
,
to
text
)
|
text | Replace all occurrences in string of substring from with substring to | replace('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX') | abXXefabXXef |
reverse(
str
)
|
text | Return reversed string. | reverse('abcde') | edcba |
right(
str
text
,
n
int
)
|
text | Return last n characters in the string. When n is negative, return all but first | n | characters. | right('abcde', 2) | de |
rpad(
string
text
,
length
int
[
,
fill
text
])
|
text | Fill up the string to length length by appending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated. | rpad('hi', 5, 'xy') | hixyx |
rtrim(
string
text
[
,
characters
text
])
|
text | Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the end of string | rtrim('testxxzx', 'xyz') | test |
split_part(
string
text
,
delimiter
text
,
field
int
)
|
text | Split string on delimiter and return the given field (counting from one) | split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2) | def |
strpos(
string
,
substring
)
|
int | Location of specified substring (same as position( substring in string ) , but note the reversed argument order) | strpos('high', 'ig') | 2 |
substr(
string
,
from
[
,
count
])
|
text | Extract substring (same as substring( string from from for count ) ) | substr('alphabet', 3, 2) | ph |
to_ascii(
string
text
[
,
encoding
text
])
|
text | Convert string to ASCII from another encoding (only supports conversion from LATIN1 , LATIN2 , LATIN9 , and WIN1250 encodings) | to_ascii('Karel') | Karel |
to_hex(
number
int
or
bigint
)
|
text | Convert number to its equivalent hexadecimal representation | to_hex(2147483647) | 7fffffff |
translate(
string
text
,
from
text
,
to
text
)
|
text | Any character in string that matches a character in the from set is replaced by the corresponding character in the to set. If from is longer than to , occurrences of the extra characters in from are removed. | translate('12345', '143', 'ax') | a2x5 |
The
concat
,
concat_ws
and
format
functions are variadic, so it is possible to
pass the values to be concatenated or formatted as an array marked with
the
VARIADIC
keyword (see
Section 36.4.5
). The array's elements are
treated as if they were separate ordinary arguments to the function.
If the variadic array argument is NULL,
concat
and
concat_ws
return NULL, but
format
treats a NULL as a zero-element array.
See also the aggregate function
string_agg
in
Section 9.20
.
Table 9-10. Built-in Conversions
| Conversion Name [a] | Source Encoding | Destination Encoding |
|---|---|---|
| ascii_to_mic | SQL_ASCII | MULE_INTERNAL |
| ascii_to_utf8 | SQL_ASCII | UTF8 |
| big5_to_euc_tw | BIG5 | EUC_TW |
| big5_to_mic | BIG5 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| big5_to_utf8 | BIG5 | UTF8 |
| euc_cn_to_mic | EUC_CN | MULE_INTERNAL |
| euc_cn_to_utf8 | EUC_CN | UTF8 |
| euc_jp_to_mic | EUC_JP | MULE_INTERNAL |
| euc_jp_to_sjis | EUC_JP | SJIS |
| euc_jp_to_utf8 | EUC_JP | UTF8 |
| euc_kr_to_mic | EUC_KR | MULE_INTERNAL |
| euc_kr_to_utf8 | EUC_KR | UTF8 |
| euc_tw_to_big5 | EUC_TW | BIG5 |
| euc_tw_to_mic | EUC_TW | MULE_INTERNAL |
| euc_tw_to_utf8 | EUC_TW | UTF8 |
| gb18030_to_utf8 | GB18030 | UTF8 |
| gbk_to_utf8 | GBK | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_10_to_utf8 | LATIN6 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_13_to_utf8 | LATIN7 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_14_to_utf8 | LATIN8 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_15_to_utf8 | LATIN9 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_16_to_utf8 | LATIN10 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_1_to_mic | LATIN1 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| iso_8859_1_to_utf8 | LATIN1 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_2_to_mic | LATIN2 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| iso_8859_2_to_utf8 | LATIN2 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250 | LATIN2 | WIN1250 |
| iso_8859_3_to_mic | LATIN3 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| iso_8859_3_to_utf8 | LATIN3 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_4_to_mic | LATIN4 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| iso_8859_4_to_utf8 | LATIN4 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r | ISO_8859_5 | KOI8R |
| iso_8859_5_to_mic | ISO_8859_5 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| iso_8859_5_to_utf8 | ISO_8859_5 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251 | ISO_8859_5 | WIN1251 |
| iso_8859_5_to_windows_866 | ISO_8859_5 | WIN866 |
| iso_8859_6_to_utf8 | ISO_8859_6 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_7_to_utf8 | ISO_8859_7 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_8_to_utf8 | ISO_8859_8 | UTF8 |
| iso_8859_9_to_utf8 | LATIN5 | UTF8 |
| johab_to_utf8 | JOHAB | UTF8 |
| koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5 | KOI8R | ISO_8859_5 |
| koi8_r_to_mic | KOI8R | MULE_INTERNAL |
| koi8_r_to_utf8 | KOI8R | UTF8 |
| koi8_r_to_windows_1251 | KOI8R | WIN1251 |
| koi8_r_to_windows_866 | KOI8R | WIN866 |
| koi8_u_to_utf8 | KOI8U | UTF8 |
| mic_to_ascii | MULE_INTERNAL | SQL_ASCII |
| mic_to_big5 | MULE_INTERNAL | BIG5 |
| mic_to_euc_cn | MULE_INTERNAL | EUC_CN |
| mic_to_euc_jp | MULE_INTERNAL | EUC_JP |
| mic_to_euc_kr | MULE_INTERNAL | EUC_KR |
| mic_to_euc_tw | MULE_INTERNAL | EUC_TW |
| mic_to_iso_8859_1 | MULE_INTERNAL | LATIN1 |
| mic_to_iso_8859_2 | MULE_INTERNAL | LATIN2 |
| mic_to_iso_8859_3 | MULE_INTERNAL | LATIN3 |
| mic_to_iso_8859_4 | MULE_INTERNAL | LATIN4 |
| mic_to_iso_8859_5 | MULE_INTERNAL | ISO_8859_5 |
| mic_to_koi8_r | MULE_INTERNAL | KOI8R |
| mic_to_sjis | MULE_INTERNAL | SJIS |
| mic_to_windows_1250 | MULE_INTERNAL | WIN1250 |
| mic_to_windows_1251 | MULE_INTERNAL | WIN1251 |
| mic_to_windows_866 | MULE_INTERNAL | WIN866 |
| sjis_to_euc_jp | SJIS | EUC_JP |
| sjis_to_mic | SJIS | MULE_INTERNAL |
| sjis_to_utf8 | SJIS | UTF8 |
| tcvn_to_utf8 | WIN1258 | UTF8 |
| uhc_to_utf8 | UHC | UTF8 |
| utf8_to_ascii | UTF8 | SQL_ASCII |
| utf8_to_big5 | UTF8 | BIG5 |
| utf8_to_euc_cn | UTF8 | EUC_CN |
| utf8_to_euc_jp | UTF8 | EUC_JP |
| utf8_to_euc_kr | UTF8 | EUC_KR |
| utf8_to_euc_tw | UTF8 | EUC_TW |
| utf8_to_gb18030 | UTF8 | GB18030 |
| utf8_to_gbk | UTF8 | GBK |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_1 | UTF8 | LATIN1 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_10 | UTF8 | LATIN6 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_13 | UTF8 | LATIN7 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_14 | UTF8 | LATIN8 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_15 | UTF8 | LATIN9 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_16 | UTF8 | LATIN10 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_2 | UTF8 | LATIN2 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_3 | UTF8 | LATIN3 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_4 | UTF8 | LATIN4 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_5 | UTF8 | ISO_8859_5 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_6 | UTF8 | ISO_8859_6 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_7 | UTF8 | ISO_8859_7 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_8 | UTF8 | ISO_8859_8 |
| utf8_to_iso_8859_9 | UTF8 | LATIN5 |
| utf8_to_johab | UTF8 | JOHAB |
| utf8_to_koi8_r | UTF8 | KOI8R |
| utf8_to_koi8_u | UTF8 | KOI8U |
| utf8_to_sjis | UTF8 | SJIS |
| utf8_to_tcvn | UTF8 | WIN1258 |
| utf8_to_uhc | UTF8 | UHC |
| utf8_to_windows_1250 | UTF8 | WIN1250 |
| utf8_to_windows_1251 | UTF8 | WIN1251 |
| utf8_to_windows_1252 | UTF8 | WIN1252 |
| utf8_to_windows_1253 | UTF8 | WIN1253 |
| utf8_to_windows_1254 | UTF8 | WIN1254 |
| utf8_to_windows_1255 | UTF8 | WIN1255 |
| utf8_to_windows_1256 | UTF8 | WIN1256 |
| utf8_to_windows_1257 | UTF8 | WIN1257 |
| utf8_to_windows_866 | UTF8 | WIN866 |
| utf8_to_windows_874 | UTF8 | WIN874 |
| windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2 | WIN1250 | LATIN2 |
| windows_1250_to_mic | WIN1250 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| windows_1250_to_utf8 | WIN1250 | UTF8 |
| windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5 | WIN1251 | ISO_8859_5 |
| windows_1251_to_koi8_r | WIN1251 | KOI8R |
| windows_1251_to_mic | WIN1251 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| windows_1251_to_utf8 | WIN1251 | UTF8 |
| windows_1251_to_windows_866 | WIN1251 | WIN866 |
| windows_1252_to_utf8 | WIN1252 | UTF8 |
| windows_1256_to_utf8 | WIN1256 | UTF8 |
| windows_866_to_iso_8859_5 | WIN866 | ISO_8859_5 |
| windows_866_to_koi8_r | WIN866 | KOI8R |
| windows_866_to_mic | WIN866 | MULE_INTERNAL |
| windows_866_to_utf8 | WIN866 | UTF8 |
| windows_866_to_windows_1251 | WIN866 | WIN |
| windows_874_to_utf8 | WIN874 | UTF8 |
| euc_jis_2004_to_utf8 | EUC_JIS_2004 | UTF8 |
| utf8_to_euc_jis_2004 | UTF8 | EUC_JIS_2004 |
| shift_jis_2004_to_utf8 | SHIFT_JIS_2004 | UTF8 |
| utf8_to_shift_jis_2004 | UTF8 | SHIFT_JIS_2004 |
| euc_jis_2004_to_shift_jis_2004 | EUC_JIS_2004 | SHIFT_JIS_2004 |
| shift_jis_2004_to_euc_jis_2004 | SHIFT_JIS_2004 | EUC_JIS_2004 |
|
Notes:
a. The conversion names follow a standard naming scheme: The official name of the source encoding with all non-alphanumeric characters replaced by underscores, followed by _to_ , followed by the similarly processed destination encoding name. Therefore, the names might deviate from the customary encoding names. |
||
9.4.1.
format
The function
format
produces output formatted according to
a format string, in a style similar to the C function
sprintf
.
format(formatstr text [, formatarg "any" [, ...] ])formatstr is a format string that specifies how the result should be formatted. Text in the format string is copied directly to the result, except where format specifiers are used. Format specifiers act as placeholders in the string, defining how subsequent function arguments should be formatted and inserted into the result. Each formatarg argument is converted to text according to the usual output rules for its data type, and then formatted and inserted into the result string according to the format specifier(s).
Format specifiers are introduced by a % character and have the form
%[position][flags][width]type
where the component fields are:
- position (optional)
-
A string of the form n $ where n is the index of the argument to print. Index 1 means the first argument after formatstr . If the position is omitted, the default is to use the next argument in sequence.
- flags (optional)
-
Additional options controlling how the format specifier's output is formatted. Currently the only supported flag is a minus sign ( - ) which will cause the format specifier's output to be left-justified. This has no effect unless the width field is also specified.
- width (optional)
-
Specifies the minimum number of characters to use to display the format specifier's output. The output is padded on the left or right (depending on the - flag) with spaces as needed to fill the width. A too-small width does not cause truncation of the output, but is simply ignored. The width may be specified using any of the following: a positive integer; an asterisk ( * ) to use the next function argument as the width; or a string of the form * n $ to use the n th function argument as the width.
If the width comes from a function argument, that argument is consumed before the argument that is used for the format specifier's value. If the width argument is negative, the result is left aligned (as if the - flag had been specified) within a field of length
abs( width ). - type (required)
-
The type of format conversion to use to produce the format specifier's output. The following types are supported:
-
s formats the argument value as a simple string. A null value is treated as an empty string.
-
I treats the argument value as an SQL identifier, double-quoting it if necessary. It is an error for the value to be null (equivalent to
quote_ident). -
L quotes the argument value as an SQL literal. A null value is displayed as the string NULL , without quotes (equivalent to
quote_nullable).
-
In addition to the format specifiers described above, the special sequence %% may be used to output a literal % character.
Here are some examples of the basic format conversions:
SELECT format('Hello %s', 'World');
Result: Hello World
SELECT format('Testing %s, %s, %s, %%', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing one, two, three, %
SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
Result: INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')
SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', E'C:\\Program Files');
Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES(E'C:\\Program Files')
Here are examples using width fields and the - flag:
SELECT format('|%10s|', 'foo');
Result: | foo|
SELECT format('|%-10s|', 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: | foo|
SELECT format('|%*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%-*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%-*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
These examples show use of position fields:
SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %1$s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, one
SELECT format('|%*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: | bar|
SELECT format('|%1$*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: | foo|
Unlike the standard C function
sprintf
,
PostgreSQL
's
format
function allows format
specifiers with and without
position
fields to be mixed
in the same format string. A format specifier without a
position
field always uses the next argument after the
last argument consumed.
In addition, the
format
function does not require all
function arguments to be used in the format string.
For example:
SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, three
The %I and %L format specifiers are particularly useful for safely constructing dynamic SQL statements. See Example 41-1 .