Disaster Recovery and Cloning

Perhaps someone accidentally dropped the users table. Perhaps you want to clone your production database to a step-down environment. Perhaps you want to exercise your disaster recovery system (and it is important that you do!).

Regardless of scenario, it's important to know how you can perform a "restore" operation with PGO to be able to recovery your data from a particular point in time, or clone a database for other purposes.

Let's look at how we can perform different types of restore operations. First, let's understand the core restore properties on the custom resource.

Restore Properties

There are several attributes on the custom resource that are important to understand as part of the restore process. All of these attributes are grouped together in the spec.dataSource.postgresCluster section of the custom resource.

Please review the table below to understand how each of these attributes work in the context of setting up a restore operation.

• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.clusterName: The name of the cluster that you are restoring from. This corresponds to the metadata.name attribute on a different postgrescluster custom resource.
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.clusterNamespace: The namespace of the cluster that you are restoring from. Used when the cluster exists in a different namespace.
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.repoName: The name of the pgBackRest repository from the spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.clusterName to use for the restore. Can be one of repo1, repo2, repo3, or repo4. The repository must exist in the other cluster.
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.options: Any additional pgBackRest restore options or general options that PGO allows. For example, you may want to set --process-max to help improve performance on larger databases; but you will not be able to set--target-action, since that option is currently disallowed. (PGO always sets it to promote if a --target is present, and otherwise leaves it blank.)
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.resources: Setting resource limits and requests of the restore job can ensure that it runs efficiently.
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.affinity: Custom Kubernetes affinity rules constrain the restore job so that it only runs on certain nodes.
• spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.tolerations: Custom Kubernetes tolerations allow the restore job to run on tainted nodes.

Let's walk through some examples for how we can clone and restore our databases.

Clone a Postgres Cluster

Let's create a clone of our hippo cluster that we created previously. We know that our cluster is named hippo (based on its metadata.name) and that we only have a single backup repository called repo1.

Let's call our new cluster elephant. We can create a clone of the hippo cluster using a manifest like this:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: elephant
spec:
  dataSource:
    postgresCluster:
      clusterName: hippo
      repoName: repo1
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec:
        accessModes:
        - "ReadWriteOnce"
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 1Gi
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
      - name: repo1
        volume:
          volumeClaimSpec:
            accessModes:
            - "ReadWriteOnce"
            resources:
              requests:
                storage: 1Gi
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Note this section of the spec:

spec:
  dataSource:
    postgresCluster:
      clusterName: hippo
      repoName: repo1
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This is the part that tells PGO to create the elephant cluster as an independent copy of the hippo cluster.

The above is all you need to do to clone a Postgres cluster! PGO will work on creating a copy of your data on a new persistent volume claim (PVC) and work on initializing your cluster to spec. Easy!

Perform a Point-in-time-Recovery (PITR)

Did someone drop the user table? You may want to perform a point-in-time-recovery (PITR) to revert your database back to a state before a change occurred. Fortunately, PGO can help you do that.

You can set up a PITR using the restore command of pgBackRest, the backup management tool that powers the disaster recovery capabilities of PGO. You will need to set a few options on spec.dataSource.postgresCluster.options to perform a PITR. These options include:

• --type=time: This tells pgBackRest to perform a PITR.
• --target: Where to perform the PITR to. An example recovery target is 2021-06-09 14:15:11-04. The timezone specified here as -04 for EDT. Please see the pgBackRest documentation for other timezone options.
• --set (optional): Choose which backup to start the PITR from.

A few quick notes before we begin:

• To perform a PITR, you must have a backup that finished before your PITR time. In other words, you can't perform a PITR back to a time where you do not have a backup!
• All relevant WAL files must be successfully pushed for the restore to complete correctly.
• Be sure to select the correct repository name containing the desired backup!

With that in mind, let's use the elephant example above. Let's say we want to perform a point-in-time-recovery (PITR) to 2021-06-09 14:15:11-04, we can use the following manifest:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: elephant
spec:
  dataSource:
    postgresCluster:
      clusterName: hippo
      repoName: repo1
      options:
      - --type=time
      - --target="2021-06-09 14:15:11-04"
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec:
        accessModes:
        - "ReadWriteOnce"
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 1Gi
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
      - name: repo1
        volume:
          volumeClaimSpec:
            accessModes:
            - "ReadWriteOnce"
            resources:
              requests:
                storage: 1Gi
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The section to pay attention to is this:

spec:
  dataSource:
    postgresCluster:
      clusterName: hippo
      repoName: repo1
      options:
      - --type=time
      - --target="2021-06-09 14:15:11-04"
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Notice how we put in the options to specify where to make the PITR.

Using the above manifest, PGO will go ahead and create a new Postgres cluster that recovers its data up until 2021-06-09 14:15:11-04. At that point, the cluster is promoted and you can start accessing your database from that specific point in time!

Perform an In-Place Point-in-time-Recovery (PITR)

Similar to the PITR restore described above, you may want to perform a similar reversion back to a state before a change occurred, but without creating another PostgreSQL cluster. Fortunately, PGO can help you do this as well.

You can set up a PITR using the restore command of pgBackRest, the backup management tool that powers the disaster recovery capabilities of PGO. You will need to set a few options on spec.backups.pgbackrest.restore.options to perform a PITR. These options include:

• --type=time: This tells pgBackRest to perform a PITR.
• --target: Where to perform the PITR to. An example recovery target is 2021-06-09 14:15:11-04.
• --set (optional): Choose which backup to start the PITR from.

A few quick notes before we begin:

• To perform a PITR, you must have a backup that finished before your PITR time. In other words, you can't perform a PITR back to a time where you do not have a backup!
• All relevant WAL files must be successfully pushed for the restore to complete correctly.
• Be sure to select the correct repository name containing the desired backup!

To perform an in-place restore, users will first fill out the restore section of the spec as follows:

spec:
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      restore:
        enabled: true
        repoName: repo1
        options:
        - --type=time
        - --target="2021-06-09 14:15:11-04"
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And to trigger the restore, you will then annotate the PostgresCluster as follows:

kubectl annotate -n postgres-operator postgrescluster hippo --overwrite postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/pgbackrest-restore="$(date)"
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And once the restore is complete, in-place restores can be disabled:

spec:
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      restore:
        enabled: false
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Notice how we put in the options to specify where to make the PITR.

Using the above manifest, PGO will go ahead and re-create your Postgres cluster to recover its data up until 2021-06-09 14:15:11-04. At that point, the cluster is promoted and you can start accessing your database from that specific point in time!

Restore Individual Databases

You might need to restore specific databases from a cluster backup, for performance reasons or to move selected databases to a machine that does not have enough space to restore the entire cluster backup.

You can restore individual databases from a backup using a spec similar to the following:

spec:
backups:
  pgbackrest:
    restore:
      enabled: true
      repoName: repo1
      options:
        - --db-include=hippo
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where --db-include=hippo would restore only the contents of the hippo database.

Standby Cluster

Advanced high-availability and disaster recovery strategies involve spreading your database clusters across data centers to help maximize uptime. PGO provides ways to deploy postgresclusters that can span multiple Kubernetes clusters using an external storage system or PostgreSQL streaming replication. The disaster recovery architecture documentation provides a high-level overview of using standby clusters with PGO.

Creating a Standby Cluster

This tutorial section will describe how to create three different types of standby clusters, one using an external storage system, one that is streaming data directly from the primary, and one that takes advantage of both external storage and streaming. These example clusters can be created in the same Kubernetes cluster, using a single PGO instance, or spread across different Kubernetes clusters and PGO instances with the correct storage and networking configurations.

Repo-based Standby

A repo-based standby will recover from WAL files that a pgBackRest repo stored in external storage. The primary cluster should be created with a cloud-based backup configuration. The following manifest defines a Postgrescluster with standby.enabled set to true and repoName configured to point to the s3 repo configured in the primary:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: hippo-standby
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec: { accessModes: [ReadWriteOnce], resources: { requests: { storage: 1Gi } } }
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
      - name: repo1
        s3:
          bucket: "my-bucket"
          endpoint: "s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com"
          region: "ca-central-1"
  standby:
    enabled: true
    repoName: repo1
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Streaming Standby

A streaming standby relies on an authenticated connection to the primary over the network. The primary cluster should be accessible via the network and allow TLS authentication (TLS is enabled by default). In the following manifest, we have standby.enabled set to true and have provided both the host and port that point to the primary cluster. We have also defined customTLSSecret and customReplicationTLSSecret to provide certs that allow the standby to authenticate to the primary. For this type of standby, you must use custom TLS:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: hippo-standby
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec: { accessModes: [ReadWriteOnce], resources: { requests: { storage: 1Gi } } }
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
      - name: repo1
        volume:
          volumeClaimSpec: { accessModes: [ReadWriteOnce], resources: { requests: { storage: 1Gi } } }
  customTLSSecret:
    name: cluster-cert
  customReplicationTLSSecret:
    name: replication-cert
  standby:
    enabled: true
    host: "192.0.2.2"
    port: 5432
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Streaming Standby with an External Repo

Another option is to create a standby cluster using an external pgBackRest repo that streams from the primary. With this setup, the standby cluster will continue recovering from the pgBackRest repo if streaming replication falls behind. In this manifest, we have enabled the settings from both previous examples:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: hippo-standby
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec: { accessModes: [ReadWriteOnce], resources: { requests: { storage: 1Gi } } }
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
      - name: repo1
        s3:
          bucket: "my-bucket"
          endpoint: "s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com"
          region: "ca-central-1"
  customTLSSecret:
    name: cluster-cert
  customReplicationTLSSecret:
    name: replication-cert
  standby:
    enabled: true
    repoName: repo1
    host: "192.0.2.2"
    port: 5432
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Monitoring a Standby Cluster

When deploying a standby cluster with monitoring enabled, additional configuration is required to allow the postgres_exporter to gather metrics from the database. The ccp_monitoring password stored in the standby is replicated from the primary database. Because the standby cluster is reconciled separately from the primary, the secret that is created does not have the correct credentials.

To enable monitoring within a standby cluster, you will need to ensure the password defined within the $CLUSTER_NAME-monitoring secret matches across both the primary and standby PostgresClusters. You can either copy the password from the secret in the primary cluster into the standby secret, or provide a custom password for both clusters. Reference the day-two monitoring tutorial for more information about setting a custom monitoring password.

After the standby cluster's monitoring secret contains the correct credentials for the ccp_monitoring user, the postgres_exporter processes will be able to connect to Postgres and gather metrics. These metrics will be available through Grafana and the rest of the monitoring stack.

Promoting a Standby Cluster

At some point, you will want to promote the standby to start accepting both reads and writes. This has the net effect of pushing WAL (transaction archives) to the pgBackRest repository, so we need to ensure we don't accidentally create a split-brain scenario. Split-brain can happen if two primary instances attempt to write to the same repository. If the primary cluster is still active, make sure you shutdown the primary before trying to promote the standby cluster.

Once the primary is inactive, we can promote the standby cluster by removing or disabling its spec.standby section:

spec:
  standby:
    enabled: false
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This change triggers the promotion of the standby leader to a primary PostgreSQL instance and the cluster begins accepting writes.

Clone From Backups Stored in S3 / GCS / Azure Blob Storage

You can clone a Postgres cluster from backups that are stored in AWS S3 (or a storage system that uses the S3 protocol), GCS, or Azure Blob Storage without needing an active Postgres cluster! The method to do so is similar to how you clone from an existing PostgresCluster. This is useful if you want to have a data set for people to use but keep it compressed on cheaper storage.

For the purposes of this example, let's say that you created a Postgres cluster named hippo that has its backups stored in S3 that looks similar to this:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: hippo
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec:
        accessModes:
          - 'ReadWriteOnce'
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 1Gi
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      configuration:
        - secret:
            name: pgo-s3-creds
      global:
        repo1-path: /pgbackrest/postgres-operator/hippo/repo1
      manual:
        repoName: repo1
        options:
          - --type=full
      repos:
        - name: repo1
          s3:
            bucket: 'my-bucket'
            endpoint: 's3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com'
            region: 'ca-central-1'
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Ensure that the credentials in pgo-s3-creds match your S3 credentials. For more details on deploying a Postgres cluster using S3 for backups, please see the Backups section of the tutorial.

For optimal performance when creating a new cluster from an active cluster, ensure that you take a recent full backup of the previous cluster. The above manifest is set up to take a full backup. Assuming hippo is created in the postgres-operator namespace, you can trigger a full backup with the following command. If you are using Bash:

kubectl annotate -n postgres-operator postgrescluster hippo --overwrite postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/pgbackrest-backup="$( date '+%F_%H:%M:%S' )"
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For Powershell environments:

kubectl annotate -n postgres-operator postgrescluster hippo --overwrite  postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/pgbackrest-backup="$( Get-Date -Format "yyyy-MM-dd_HH:mm:ss" )"
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Wait for the backup to complete. Once this is done, you can delete the Postgres cluster.

Now, let's clone the data from the hippo backup into a new cluster called elephant. You can use a manifest similar to this:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: elephant
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  dataSource:
    pgbackrest:
      stanza: db
      configuration:
        - secret:
            name: pgo-s3-creds
      global:
        repo1-path: /pgbackrest/postgres-operator/hippo/repo1
      repo:
        name: repo1
        s3:
          bucket: 'my-bucket'
          endpoint: 's3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com'
          region: 'ca-central-1'
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec:
        accessModes:
          - 'ReadWriteOnce'
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 1Gi
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      configuration:
        - secret:
            name: pgo-s3-creds
      global:
        repo1-path: /pgbackrest/postgres-operator/elephant/repo1
      repos:
        - name: repo1
          s3:
            bucket: 'my-bucket'
            endpoint: 's3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com'
            region: 'ca-central-1'
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There are a few things to note in this manifest. First, note that the spec.dataSource.pgbackrest object in our new PostgresCluster is very similar but slightly different from the old PostgresCluster's spec.backups.pgbackrest object. The key differences are:

1. No image is necessary when restoring from a cloud-based data source
2. stanza is a required field when restoring from a cloud-based data source
3. backups.pgbackrest has a repos field, which is an array
4. dataSource.pgbackrest has a repo field, which is a single object

Note also the similarities:

1. We are reusing the secret for both (because the new restore pod needs to have the same credentials as the original backup pod)
2. The repo object is the same
3. The global object is the same

This is because the new restore pod for the elephant PostgresCluster will need to reuse the configuration and credentials that were originally used in setting up the hippo PostgresCluster.

In this example, we are creating a new cluster which is also backing up to the same S3 bucket; only the spec.backups.pgbackrest.global field has changed to point to a different path. This will ensure that the new elephant cluster will be pre-populated with the data from hippo's backups, but will backup to its own folders, ensuring that the original backup repository is appropriately preserved.

Deploy this manifest to create the elephant Postgres cluster. Observe that it comes up and running:

kubectl -n postgres-operator describe postgrescluster elephant
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When it is ready, you will see that the number of expected instances matches the number of ready instances, e.g.:

Instances:
  Name:               00
  Ready Replicas:     1
  Replicas:           1
  Updated Replicas:   1
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The previous example shows how to use an existing S3 repository to pre-populate a PostgresCluster while using a new S3 repository for backing up. But PostgresClusters that use cloud-based data sources can also use local repositories.

For example, assuming a PostgresCluster called rhino that was meant to pre-populate from the original hippo PostgresCluster, the manifest would look like this:

apiVersion: postgres-operator.crunchydata.com/v1beta1
kind: PostgresCluster
metadata:
  name: rhino
spec:
  postgresVersion: 16
  dataSource:
    pgbackrest:
      stanza: db
      configuration:
        - secret:
            name: pgo-s3-creds
      global:
        repo1-path: /pgbackrest/postgres-operator/hippo/repo1
      repo:
        name: repo1
        s3:
          bucket: 'my-bucket'
          endpoint: 's3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com'
          region: 'ca-central-1'
  instances:
    - dataVolumeClaimSpec:
        accessModes:
          - 'ReadWriteOnce'
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 1Gi
  backups:
    pgbackrest:
      repos:
        - name: repo1
          volume:
            volumeClaimSpec:
              accessModes:
                - 'ReadWriteOnce'
              resources:
                requests:
                  storage: 1Gi
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Next Steps

Now that we've learned the basics of setting up a cluster and have seen how to set up backups and disastery recovery, let's look at some Day Two Tasks such as making our cluster highly available, enabling a monitoring stack, and making customizations to our cluster.